Technology
Transfer for the Ozone Layer
Lessons for
Climate Change
Technology transfer–the
development of practical applications and commercialization of research–for
positive environmental outcomes is the crux of many of the 230 international
environmental treaties, and is widely viewed as essential to the Kyoto Protocol
and success in the global fight against climate change. Internationally there is
considerable debate on the obstacles to transfer of, and change to,
environmentally sound technologies particularly for the developing countries yet
no comprehensive assessment of what works.
Executive
Secretary Marco Gonzalez, Stephen Anderson, US EPA, K. Madhava Sarma, former
Ozone Executive Secretary, and Kristin Taddonio, US EPA, during the book launch
for "Techonology Transfer for the Ozone Layer: Lessons for Climate
Change." Credit: Earth Negotiations Bulletin
To date, one of the most
successful environmental treaties—and the source of the greatest achievement
in technology transfer for international environmental protection—is the
Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) and its Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987), brokered by the
United Nations Environment Programme. The experience regarding the
ozone-friendly technologies under the Montreal Protocol is now 15 years old and
this landmark book provides a comprehensive analysis of the vast experience of
technology transfer of the Montreal Protocol and draw out key lessons for the
climate change and other global environmental challenges.
In the case of the Montreal Protocol, the industries that used ozone-depleting
substances were very diverse and from many sectors including air conditioning,
refrigeration, fire fighting, solvents, agriculture, aerosols and foams as well
as thousands of other small applications. There were many large enterprises that
had the resources to innovate new ozone-friendly technologies and many small
enterprises that needed to be educated on such technologies and how to access
them. The authors examine how governments of industrialized countries innovated
and implemented many policies, regulations, awareness and education campaigns
and financial incentives and disincentives to achieve success.
They also look at the results of 1000 technology transfer investment projects
funded under the Montreal Protocol's Multi-lateral Fund and present the lessons,
including insider accounts from a variety of sectors, to demonstrate how and
under what circumstances technology transfer works for successful environmental
outcomes. In addition to covering all aspects of technology transfer, the
authors identify generic principles and lessons be identified and applied to the
Kyoto Protocol and its post-2012 successor and numerous other critical
environmental contexts including marine and air pollution, hazardous waste,
biodiversity and desertification among others.
This book provides the only thorough assessment of successful technology
transfer of the nature and scale required for combating climate change and other
global environmental challenges and is essential reading for all professionals
and researchers in government, business, NGOs and academia working on any aspect
of technology transfer, ozone layer protection, climate change and environmental
protection world-wide.
Stephen O. Andersen is a
Director of Strategic Projects in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Climate Protection Partnerships Division and a Co-Chair of the Montreal Protocol
Technology and Economic Assessment Panel. He was formerly Deputy Director of the
EPA Stratospheric Protection Division where he specialized in industry
partnerships, international cooperation and market incentives.
K. Madhava Sarma is a
consultant on ozone issues and was formerly Executive Secretary, Secretariat for
the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol, United Nations Environment
Programme.
Kristen Taddonio Taddonio
is Manager of Strategic Climate Projects at the US Environmental Protection
Agency.
Contents
List of Figures, Tables and
Boxes; About the Authors; Foreword—Monique Barbut; Preface—Achim Steiner;
Acknowledgements; Introduction—Marco Gonzales; 1) Prologue; 2) Contours of
Technology Transfer; 3) Background of the Ozone and Climate Agreements; 4)
Technology Change in Developed Countries; 5) Military and Space Agency
Leadership to Protect the Ozone Layer; 6) Technology Transfer to Phase Out ODSs
in Foams; 7) Technology Transfer To Phase Out ODSs in Refreigeration and
Air-Conditioning; 8) Technology Transfer to Phase Out ODSs in Aerosol Products;
9) Technology Transfer to Phase Out ODSs on Fire Protection; 10) Technology
Transfer to Phase Out ODSs on Solvents; 11) Technology Transfer to Phase Out
ODSs in Pest Control; 12) Barriers to Technology Transfer Faced by CEITs and
Developing Countries; 13) Awareness and Capacity-Building; 14) Lessons; Appendix
1: Control Measure of the Montreal Protocol; Appendix 2: Indicative List of
Categories of Incremental Costs; Appendix 3: List of Project Completion Reports
Studies; Appendix 4: A Technology Transfer Agreement; Appendix 5: List of
Military ODS Management and Phaseout Initiatives in the US; Appendix 6: Useful
Websites for Information on Military Phaseout; Appendix 7) Ozone and Climate
Protection Awards Won by Military Organizations; Notes; List of Acronyms and
Abbreviations; Glossary; About the Contributors; Index.
“This authoritative and
meticulously researched treatise cuts to the heart of the problem: the crucial
issues of technology, research, development and diffusion that have been largely
lost in the hot air of climate rhetoric.”
-- Ambassador Richard Benedick, US Chief Negotiator of the Montreal
Protocol
“The book is extremely valuable
reading for policy makers and scholars alike, particularly in the context of the
challenge of climate change being faced globally.”
-- R. K. Pachauri, Chairman, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
“This book gives an
authoritative account of how impossible challenges to transfer of ozone-friendly
technologies were overcome for the good of human society.”
-- Mostafa K. Tolba, Under-Secretary General, United Nations, and
Executive Director, United Nations Environment Program, 1976-1992
“Imagine what we can accomplish
as we continue to transfer technology to protect the climate.”
-- Kathleen Hogan, Director, EPA Climate Protection Partnerships Division
"Imagine the pride of
earning the Nobel Prize for warning that CFCs were destroying the ozone layer.
Then imagine that citizens, policymakers, and business executives heeded the
warning and transformed markets to protect the earth. This book is the story of
why we can all be optimistic about the future if we are willing to be brave and
dedicated world citizens."
-- Mario Molina, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry and Professor, University of
California
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